PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques Research Paper

PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques - Research Paper Example Instead, compressed PCM variants are normally employed. However, numerous Blu-ray format movies use the uncompressed the PCM for audio. Frequently, PCM encoding enables digital transmission from a point to another (in a certain system, or geographically) in a serial form.   However, due to the computer and digital network communications advancements, a lot of information or data is transmitted using the pulse wave modulation technique. Pulse wave modulation may be used to transmit analog audio signal or information with a particular rate to sample analog signal - this rate is what is called the transmission rate. On the receiver, the delivered signal is demodulated by the Pulse-code modulation (PCM) demodulator to recuperate the original continuous analog signal wave. Generally, PCM can be classified as a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse code modulation (PCM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). PAM, PPM, and PWM modulations are affiliated to a nalog modulation while the PCM modulation is affiliated to digital modulation. It is important to take note that PCM modulation is a real digital signal which can be processed and digitally stored by a computer. However, PPM, PWM, and PAM modulations are similar to PM, FM, and AM modulations, respectively (Aksoy & DeNardis, 2007, p. 112). For all pulse wave modulation, before the modulation, the original continuous form signal has to be sampled and the sampling rate for the sampling signal must not below, otherwise, the recovered signal will bring about distortion. The sampling rate is subject to the sampling theorem, whereby the sampling theorem states that: for a pulse wave modulation system, in the condition that the sampling rate excesses the double or more maximum frequency times of the signal, then distortion level of data recovery on the receiver will be its minimum. For instance, the frequency range of the audio signal is about 40 Hz ~ 4 kHz, the pulse wave modulation sampli ng signal frequency must be no less than 8 kHz, hence, the sampling error is reduced to the minimum (Maes & Vercammen, 2012, p. 67). During transmission, it is hard for the PCM signal to avoid noise distortion. Therefore, before the PCM signal sends to the PCM demodulator, a comparator is used to recover the PCM signal to its original level. The signal is a pulse wave signal series, so, before demodulating, the pulse wave signal series will be converted to a parallel digital signal by aid of a serial to a parallel converter After that, the signal passes through n-bits decoder (which should be D/A converter) for recovery of the digital signal to its original quantization value. However, in this quantization value includes not only the original audio signal alone, but also many high-frequency harmonics, hence; a low-pass filter is used to remove the undesirable signal at the final fragment. MPEG varieties The MPEG standards comprise of different Parts.  

Correlation Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Correlation Discussion - Essay Example We would probably use this method if we wanted to determine the relationship between a child’s age and their height. The last type of method used for establishing correlation is if one of the variables uses a number scale and the other one uses a simply true/false scale. The best method to use here would be the point biserial correlation coefficient. The likely opportunity that this method would be used is a correlation between gender and height. All of these methods can only tell us if two particular variables are related to each other, not whether one variable causes the other variable to change. Each method has its own positives and negatives, and each method can only really be used with its certain types of data. A researcher may want to establish a correlation when they have a hypothesis, but do not have any way to prove it. Correlation allows relationships to be seen between an independent and a dependent variable. One of the variables has to be constant so that the other one can change according to the stable one. Once these variables can be measured, researchers can find links between certain